Learning Disabilities
DefinitionA disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an inability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. These includes those with perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia.
Oral expression-listening comprehension- written expression- basic reading skills- reading comprehension- mathematical comprehension- mathematical calculation **Does not include those with challenges as a result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities, of intellectual disabilities, of emotional disturbance, or environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage.** |
Characteristics |
Reading: Difficulty learning alphabet- connecting letters to sounds- mixing up words- recall troubles- difficulty with rhyming- loses place when reading-difficulty distinguishing from left to right
Written: holds pencil awkwardly- letter reversals after age 8- difficulty organizing-eye hand coordination- messy handwriting- eyes hurt or itch- poor vocab, grammar, punctuation and spelling-slow motor skill development Math: difficulty memorizing facts- time concepts- confuse math symbols- difficulty extracting/applying info in word problems- difficulty with multi-step problems- doesn't make simple step connections Socialization: difficulty reading nonverbal cues- difficulty understanding jokes- rules of talking(tking turns)- physical space- may not follow instructions Attention/Behavior: highly distractable- lots of movement- disorganized- short attention span- following directions- comments seem off topic- trouble with open ended questions- external locus of control(everyones fault) Other: difficulty determining main idea- difficulty summarizing- adjusting to new settings- pay too little or too much to detail- task avoidance- sensitivity to loudness- affected by emotions |
Classroom
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Reading: Sounding out letters- bottom heavy font- word recognition- reading out loud(audiobook)- flashcards- pictures- reviewing lessons- working in small groups- quiet places- picture books
Math: mnemonic devices(songs)- time to correct/check work- graph paper- lined paper sideways for place value- clear instructions- restate after topic was taught- maintain consistency with methods Writing: word processor- computer keyboard- oral instructions(audiotapes)- visual outlines- extra time-assistive writing paper- instruction in small steps- fun writing games- pencil grips- hand exercises- muscle development- proofread papers day later-allow abbreviations General Instruction: multisensored teaching- organize lesson needs- mnumonics- affective discipline- review lessons- explain what they did wrong and why- give specific instruction not to do it again- "good,better,best" card on desk-classroom setup
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